Course:201 Quality and Management of School Education

Meaning of Management

Management is very important for any organisation without proper management you cannot achieve the required objectives. It is an important force which coordinate the individual efforts. Anyhow, it is a controlling force in case of business, country or even for a family. It can be defined in the following words: 

Definition of Management :- "Management is a process of coordinating the resources to meet the objectives."

Management is the process of reaching organizational goals by working with and through people and other organizational resources. 

Management has the following 3 characteristics:

1.     It is a process or series of continuing and related activities.

2.     It involves and concentrates on reaching organizational goals.

3.     It reaches these goals by working with and through people and other organizational resources.

Functions of Management

Management has been described as a social process involving responsibility for economical and effective planning & regulation of operation of an enterprise in the fulfillment of given purposes. It is a dynamic process consisting of various elements and activities. These activities are different from operative functions like marketing, finance, purchase etc. Rather these activities are common to each and every manger irrespective of his level or status.

Different experts have classified functions of management. According to George & Jerry, “There are four fundamental functions of management i.e. planning, organizing, actuating and controlling”.

According to Henry Fayol, “To manage is to forecast and plan, to organize, to command, & to control”. Whereas Luther Gullick has given a keyword ’POSDCORB’ where P stands for Planning, O for Organizing, S for Staffing, D for Directing, Co for Co-ordination, R for reporting & B for Budgeting. But the most widely accepted are functions of management given by KOONTZ and O’DONNEL i.e. Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing and Controlling.

For theoretical purposes, it may be convenient to separate the function of management but practically these functions are overlapping in nature i.e. they are highly inseparable. Each function blends into the other & each affects the performance of others.

1. Planning

It is the basic function of management. It deals with chalking out a future course of action & deciding in advance the most appropriate course of actions for achievement of pre-determined goals. According to KOONTZ, “Planning is deciding in advance - what to do, when to do & how to do. It bridges the gap from where we are & where we want to be”. A plan is a future course of actions. It is an exercise in problem solving & decision making. Planning is determination of courses of action to achieve desired goals. Thus, planning is a systematic thinking about ways & means for accomplishment of pre-determined goals. Planning is necessary to ensure proper utilization of human & non-human resources. It is all pervasive, it is an intellectual activity and it also helps in avoiding confusion, uncertainties, risks, wastages etc.

2. Organizing

It is the process of bringing together physical, financial and human resources and developing productive relationship amongst them for achievement of organizational goals. According to Henry Fayol, “To organize a business is to provide it with everything useful or its functioning i.e. raw material, tools, capital and personnel’s”. To organize a business involves determining & providing human and non-human resources to the organizational structure. Organizing as a process involves:

• Identification of activities.
• Classification of grouping of activities.
• Assignment of duties.
• Delegation of authority and creation of responsibility.
• Coordinating authority and responsibility relationships.
2. Staffing

It is the function of manning the organization structure and keeping it manned. Staffing has assumed greater importance in the recent years due to advancement of technology, increase in size of business, complexity of human behavior etc. The main purpose o staffing is to put right man on right job i.e. square pegs in square holes and round pegs in round holes. According to Kootz & O’Donell, “Managerial function of staffing involves manning the organization structure through proper and effective selection, appraisal & development of personnel to fill the roles designed un the structure”. Staffing involves:

• Manpower Planning (estimating man power in terms of searching, choose the person and giving the right place).
• Recruitment, Selection & Placement.
• Training & Development.
• Remuneration.
• Performance Appraisal.
• Promotions & Transfer.
3. Directing

It is that part of managerial function which actuates the organizational methods to work efficiently for achievement of organizational purposes. It is considered life-spark of the enterprise which sets it in motion the action of people because planning, organizing and staffing are the mere preparations for doing the work. Direction is that inert-personnel aspect of management which deals directly with influencing, guiding, supervising, motivating sub-ordinate for the achievement of organizational goals. Direction has following elements:

• Supervision
• Motivation
• Leadership
• Communication

Supervision- implies overseeing the work of subordinates by their superiors. It is the act of watching & directing work & workers.

Motivation- means inspiring, stimulating or encouraging the sub-ordinates with zeal to work. Positive, negative, monetary, non-monetary incentives may be used for this purpose.

Leadership- may be defined as a process by which manager guides and influences the work of subordinates in desired direction.

Communications- is the process of passing information, experience, opinion etc from one person to another. It is a bridge of understanding.

5. Controlling

It implies measurement of accomplishment against the standards and correction of deviation if any to ensure achievement of organizational goals. The purpose of controlling is to ensure that everything occurs in conformities with the standards. An efficient system of control helps to predict deviations before they actually occur. According to Theo Haimann, “Controlling is the process of checking whether or not proper progress is being made towards the objectives and goals and acting if necessary, to correct any deviation”. According to Koontz & O’Donell “Controlling is the measurement & correction of performance activities of subordinates in order to make sure that the enterprise objectives and plans desired to obtain them as being accomplished”. Therefore controlling has following steps:

a.                Establishment of standard performance.

b.               Measurement of actual performance.

c.                Comparison of actual performance with the standards and finding out deviation if any.

d.               Corrective action.

Course:201 Quality and Management of School Education

Event Management

Introduction to Events

Events are happenings, often used to suggest that what happened was on an unusual scale, Memorable etc. Most of us participated in events but managing the events are the difficult task to achieve its objective.

Event management involves planning, organizing and execution of live events, which could include a brand/products launch, an exhibition, a concert or even a conference. It is basically an extended form of advertisement, though more interactive.

The first impetus to event came with the liberalization of the Indian economy in the early nineties. The explosion of satellite channels and the popularity of foreign artists have fueled the growth in the industry in recent years.

Traditionally, events were considered useful for rural markets and for products with a ban on advertising like liquor and cigarettes. Low literacy levels and limited media penetration made events a necessary exercise in rural markets. But today, events are no longer limited to a few products and markets. Event marketing is gaining popularity in long-term brand image building and humanizing of corporate.

Aims of the any events are to minimize the risks and to maximize the enjoyment of events audience. In most cases careful attention must be give to transportation, technology and security and a host of other elements like venue, theme, financial consideration, timings,

Events team, contractors and other stake holders etc. Event management is the application of the management practice of project management to the creation and development of festivals and events. Event Management involves studying the intricacies of the brand, identifying the target audience, devising the event concept, planning the logistics and coordinating the technical aspects before actually executing the modalities of the proposed event. Event management as a subject has attracted considerable attention of several public relation professionals, due to its being a powerful tool for communicating to the target public. Undoubtedly, events offer a direct and quick exposure to the intended audiences.

Today, special events are an important activity as the event reach out to several people and peculiarly satisfy the desire of most of the people to participate in the event, who have quite a few objectives to obtain like the special benefits offered to the visitors, to enjoy some entertainment, to gather some stimulation, to socialize, and also to become more knowledgeable on subjects, etc.

Meaning of Event

The dictionary defines an event as ‘anything that happens, as distinguished from anything that exists’ or ‘an occurrence, especially one of great importance’. These definitions specify the subject of these text-event-things of significance that happen. They are very wide definitions, but they have to be all- embracing to allow for their innate universality in leisure and tourism, something considered a little later.

Event is commonly understood as an occurrence or something that happens. A unique moment in time celebrated with ceremony and rituals to satisfy specific needs. Special event in two perspectives: One time or infrequently occurs event outside normal programs or activities of the sponsoring or organizing body. To the customer or guests, it is an opportunity for Leisure, social or cultural experience outside the normal range of choices or beyond everyday experience.

Nature and Scope of Events Management

Scope of event management a good career option which does not require much investment-and offers a Lot of Independence and flexibility in work. Scope of event management Demands a lot of hard work and efforts to get the client base for the events.

Event management is a process of Organizing a Focused and professional event, for a particular target Audience. The scope of event management is the most Profound form of advertising and marketing which is full of glamorous and thrilling profession now days. Planning is one of the most important elements of event management you can say or is planning an event in itself. It gives benefits to event managers by event advertising, it promote the publicity of event. It gives benefits to advertising companies through communicating source with the public, introduction of new products to public. The scope of event management provides a wide variety of career that could be anything from concerts, product launches, conferences, promotions, press conferences, jubilee celebrations and farewells to television based events, fashion shows, wedding or parties.

In terms of types, events may be categorized as follows also:

1. Sporting

Sporting events are held in all towns’ cities countries and states throughout the nation. They attract international sports men and women at the highest level. Tennis, golf baseball, football, basketball, downhill ski racing and ear racing are just a few examples. These major events are matched at the local level by sporting competitions for players at all levels. For example, the Program, held annually at school, allow students to play various indoor and out-door games. This event  requires considerable effort by the team supporting it, including the sport teacher, students participants ground Support, administration and catering.

2. Entertainment, Arts, and Culture

Entertainment events are well known for their ability to attract large audiences. In some cases, the concerts are extremely viable from financial point of view: in others, financial problems can quickly escalate when ticket sales do not reach targets.

3. Commercial Marketing and Promotional Events

Promotional events tend to have high budgets and high profile. The aim of promotional events is generally to differentiate the product from its competitors and to ensure that it is memorable. Most of the promotional events involve product launches, often for computer hard ware or software, perfume, alcohol or motor cars. One such marketing activity daze lead attendees with its new launch motorbikes riding overhead on tight rope, with special effect lighting. The aim for a promotional activity might be sales, For example travel agents, who would promote the tour to their client or potential purchasers. The Medias are usually invited to these events and hence impact, publicity and the risk are high.

Success becomes very vital.

4. Meeting and Exhibitions

The meetings and conventions industry is highly competitive. Many conventions attract thousands of people, where as some meetings in glued to only a handful of high profile participants. Example: science project exhibition at school

5. Festivals

All Religious festivals fall into this category. Wine and Food Festivals, Harvest festivals are increasingly popular, providing a particular region the opportunity to show cases its product. Chinese New Year and Harvest festivals like Pongal in Tamil Nadu, Onam in Kerala in India are good examples.

6. Families

Weddings, anniversaries, Birthday celebrations and even Funerals all provide opportunities for families to gather. Asian tourists are a big market for the wedding industry, with many couples having a traditional ceremony at home. It is important for the Event manager to keep track of these changing social trends.

7. Fundraising

Fairs which are common in most communities are frequently run by enthusiastic local committees. The effort and the organization required for these events are often under estimated. As their general aim is raising funds, there is also the risk that attendees will spend all their money on these activities and ignore those that are more profitable to the charitable cause. A number of legal requirements must be met by the charitable fund raiser.

Characteristics of the Best Events

Before examining the factors involved in achieving our overall aim or goal, let us consider what makes for a good event. The most important element are:

1. A clear vision and a definite purpose for everyone’s efforts.

2. Clear SMART objectives to which everyone is committed.

3. An appropriate, flexible organizational structure able to achieve specific tasks, but retaining an overall unity of purpose.

4. Committed personnel, willing to ‘go the step beyond’.

5. A leader of caliber, authority and personality.

6. Precise detailed planning carried out and documented within an appropriate

timescale.

7. A coordinated team effort operating within budget limits, drawing on all available

resources.

8. Efficient lines of communication.

9. A good public image.

10. Effective publicity and presentation, and built-in contingency plans.

11. A total commitment to customer care.

12. Efficient ongoing control and monitoring systems.

13. An atmosphere of unity, focus, hard work, hum our and enthusiasm.

14. Good post-event evaluation.

Course: 107 Pedagogy of science

Nature and Scope of science
Introduction: 
The nature of general science refers to key principles and ideas which provide a description of Science as a way of knowing, as well as characteristics of scientific knowledge. Although scientific knowledge is supported by lot of data, scientists continuously test and challenge previous findings in Science. Thus idea of fundamental uncertainty is vital to scientific studies and is the basis of great scientific discoveries. Therefore it is very important to study dynamic nature of Science. It offers the answers to various questions, we ask out of curiosity. Science subject is so vast with various branches and sub-branches and its study develops various skills in students.
Science is an attempt to explain natural phenomena. While durable. it has also a tentative character, Scientific knowledge is derived from observation of the natural world. General Science is a branch of knowledge or study dealing with a body of facts or truths systematically arranged.

Being vast in nature, it is generally taught under different headings or branches. The collective form of various branches of Science is generally known as General Science. Through the study of General Science, students can learn importance of Science in day to day life as well as role of Science in individual, social and national development.

Meaning
      Science word is derived from Latin word ‘scientia' means knowledge. a) Science is a method of acquiring knowledge. b) Science is a study of living things, nonliving things or event. c) Science 'is a direction of thinking, a way and attitude of looking at a problem, a tool to solve the problem and production of invention. d) D. Rooler : Science is man’s attempt to explain natural phenomena. E) Arthur Clark: Science in the purest form is the simple extension of human curiosity.
F) Green : Science is a way of conducting investigation.

Nature of Science
Scrence is dynamic.
Science is flexible.
Science is objective and impersonal.
It is dual in nature. it is not just content. Science is content plus process. Therefore nature of science can best be described under tollowmg headings: a) Science as a body of knowledge. b) The process of science.
A) Science as a Body of Knowledge: The body of scientific knowledge can be classified into science facts, concepts, generalizations. scientific laws and theories. They form the structure of science.
(1)Scientific Facts:
Scientific facts are the statement that indicates real description of an object incident or occurrence. Fact is the answer of ‘what is it?‘ facts are useful to taking decisions but not useful for drawing conclusions. Example: Earth revolves around the sun.

2) Scientific Concepts:
These are the categories that are formed and based upon those characteristics
and attributes which are essential to a particular classification.
Example: Density of a body is its mass per unit volume. 3) Generalisations :
It is the meaningful conclusions regarding the scientific facts. Example: All bodies are attracted by the earth.
Facts, concepts and generalisations are inter-related and inter-dependent. The fact gives rise to concept while concepts give rise to generalization.
4) Scientific Laws :
It is a factual statement of what all way happens in certain circumstance. lt is a broad generalisation.
Example: Law of floatation.
B) Science as Process : 
Science is a method of discovery and learning. Mankind continuously seeks the answer to important questions using the process of scientific inquiry. The process science is the scientific method applied to find out solution of the problem. Following
are the science processes. Scientist works. thinks and studies problems using these processes.
1) Observation : identifying and describing the characteristics and properties of objects or events using five sense organs.
2) Classification :
it is the process of sorting objects or events into groups according to mi similarities and differences.
3)Number Relation and Measurement :
It is to compare unknown quantity with known quantity. It requires use of tools to make precise or specific information with numbers.
4)Making Inference :
It is the use of information from observations to make reasonable early conclusions i.e. realising ideas which are not directly observable. Thus it is the process of suggesting more information about an object or event than is readily observable.
5)Predictions :
Making best guesses i.e. based on data and past experiences suitable predictions are made.
6)Communication :
Collecting and organising data encompasses communication skills. it is a process of receiving, spreading and sharing of information and ideas.
7)Controlling Variables :
Identifying variable in an investigation i.e. independent variable which is decided by researcher, dependent variable which changes according to independent variable and controlled variable, which is constant throughout the investigation 9.9. in investigating how a weight affects the length of an elastic band, weight is independent variable, Length of band is dependent variable and using same band and measuring scale etc are controlled variables.
8)Formulating Hypotheses :
it is formalised statement of an idea based on observation and inferences i..e. probable answer of the problem.

Scope and Place of Science:
Due to recommendations of Kothari commission (1964-66) science become compulsory subject at school. According to 1986 education policy, place of science in school curriculum is as follows: 1) Primary Level (1st to 5th Standard) : At this level science is included as environmental science (EVS). 2) Higher Primary Level (6th to 8the Standard) : lmportance is given for doing experiments. projects etc. 3) Secondary Level (9th and 10th Standard) : Very deep knowledge of science is suggested at this level. Scientific information, concepts. laws, principles are explained at this level and also performation of experiment and logical thinking development are suggested. 4) Higher Secondary Stage (11th and 12th Standard) : Importance is given to theoretical as well as practical work.
     Curriculum is made in such a way that students can get vocational guidance after the learning science as subject is universal and knows no boundaries.

Objectives of General Science at Secondary and Higher Secondary 
The most effective teaching is that which results in the most effective learning. To make teaching effective, its planning should be done perfectly. For perfect planning of teaching, teacher should know which the different objectives of teaching are. Therefore for the effective planning of Science teaching, teachers must know objectives of General Science.


Objectives of General Science at secondary level: Following are some objectives of General Science at secondary level:

1) To help the students to enhance the knowledge in primary level.
2) To help the students to understand concepts. principles and laws in science.
3) To help the students to develop communication skills, problem solving skill etc.
4) To develop scientific attitude in students i.e., free mindedness. intellectual honesty, curiosity etc.
5) To develop personal and social life of student Le. to help the students to inculcate social, moral and cultural values. 3) To help the student to develop sensitivity towards environment protection.
7) To enable them to investigate scientific phenomenon rather than just verifying known conclusions.
8) T0 make students creative.

Objectives of General Science at higher secondary level: 
Following are some objectives of General Science at secondary level:
1) To develop such abilities in students by which they can understand the influence of developments taking place in science and technology on modern world by which they can adjust themselves in accordance with the changes taking place in the society.
2) To make students able to understand importance of various scientific principles and theories and to apply them in their daily life to sort out various problems.
3) To provide historical perspective to the students by which they can understand the evolution of scientific developments.
4) To provide such kind of information to students that they can earn their livelihood in the future.
5) To orient them to apply science and technology in agriculture, medicine, research and industry.
6) To develop the competency in students to apply scientific knowledge to solve the problems around them.

Curriculum and Syllabus of General Science at Secondary and Higher secondary level
Curriculum and syllabus these two concepts are different from each other. Syllabus is focused towards a particular subject while curriculum is related to the all-round development of student. Syllabus is prepared for a fixed term, normally a year. Thus, it is with narrow scope while scope of curriculum is wide and it is prepared for whole course. Syllabus serves as a guide to student as well as teacher. It helps to know about the subject in detail. Curriculum is aimed at both physical and mental development of student. it is the overall learning experience that a student gets through during the particular course of study. In short, syllabus of general Science is described as summarisation of the topics covered under Science subject, while curriculum refers to overall content and activities in a course.

Curriculum meaning:
1) Kerr(1968): "Aall the activities which are planned and guided by the school, whether they are carried out in groups or individually, inside and outside the school are curriculum."
2) Munro : ”Curriculum includes all the types of learning experiences used in school for curriculum Meaning: “achieving the educational goals. "
3) Morre : “Curriculum includes all those activities which are utilized by the school to attain the aims of education. "
”Curriculum is the store of all the experiences which a learner acquired under the control of school. ” The term curriculum has been derived from a Latin word ‘currere' which means a "race course’ or a runway on which one runs to reach a goal. In the same way, a curriculum is the instructional and educative programme by following which: the pupils achieve their goals, ideals and aspirations of Iife. It is the curriculum through which the general aims of a school education receive concrete expression. Initially curriculum was subject centered while now-a-days it is child and life centered.

Principal of curriculum construction:
The content of curriculum is determined on the basis of some academic principles Which are stated below:
1) Aims and Objectives of Education : Curriculum should be useful to achieve aims and objectives of education.
2) Child-centered : Curriculum should be framed according to the actual needs, interests and capacities of the child.
3) Principle of Civic and Social Needs : It should be framed in such a way that it will focus on individual as well as social needs.
4) Principle of Activity: it should be activity centered.
5)Principle of Creativity: it should help individuals to develop his innate potentialities.
6)Principle of Forward-looking : it should prepare the child for shouldering future responsibilities.
7) Principle of Flexibility : it should be flexible enough according to surroundings.
8) Principle of integration and Correlation : Subjects should be arranged logically and psychologically in accordance with the child’s developing needs.
9) Principle of learning Ability and its Utility: Every topic should be learnt and it should also have utility.
10) Principle of individual Differences : it should be based on psychology of individual differences and should be framed in such a way that every individual can have opportunity for self-expression and development.
11) Principle of Utilization of Leisure : Variety of subjects such as games and spans. tine arts are subjects of aesthetic value. These subjects should be introduced in the school programme to utilize leisure.
12) Principle of Variety : Along with content, there should be scope for co-curricuiar activities.